The NDA & CDS 1 (2026) Examination, conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), is one of India’s most prestigious exams for entry into the National Defence Academy and Combined Defence Services. The written test includes a strong emphasis on General Science, where Biology plays a crucial role. This class aims to strengthen students’ conceptual understanding through multiple-choice questions (MCQs) focused on key physiological processes in plants and humans—topics that are frequently tested in the NDA/CDS exams.
Main Subtopics Covered
1. Plant Physiology
- Photosynthesis – Light and dark reactions, chlorophyll, role of sunlight, factors affecting photosynthesis.
- Respiration in Plants – Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, ATP formation, importance of mitochondria.
- Plant Transport System – Xylem and phloem functions, transpiration, water absorption and movement.
- Growth and Hormones in Plants – Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene.
- Plant Movements and Tropisms – Phototropism, geotropism, hydrotropism, and nastic movements.
2. Human Physiology
- Digestive System – Process of digestion, enzymes, organs involved, absorption of nutrients.
- Respiratory System – Mechanism of breathing, exchange of gases, respiratory organs, and regulation.
- Circulatory System – Structure and function of heart, blood vessels, blood composition, circulation types.
- Excretory System – Structure of kidney, nephron function, urine formation, osmoregulation.
- Nervous and Endocrine Systems – Neurons, brain and spinal cord functions, hormones and glands.
- Reproductive System (Human) – Male and female reproductive organs, fertilization, and puberty hormones.
Approach and Learning Outcome
This session uses concept-based MCQs to help students:
- Reinforce theoretical understanding through applied problem-solving.
- Develop accuracy and speed essential for NDA/CDS objective-type questions.
- Identify key areas frequently repeated in UPSC question papers.
Conclusion
Understanding Plant and Human Physiology is fundamental to mastering Biology for NDA/CDS exams. Through interactive discussion and practice-based learning, this class aims to build strong conceptual clarity and enhance exam performance. Consistent practice of MCQs will help students gain confidence, improve recall, and tackle the General Science section effectively.
