The Bactrian camel, known for its distinctive two humps, serves as a fascinating example of evolutionary adaptation to some of the harshest environments on Earth. Originating from the arid and frigid regions of Central Asia, this species has been domesticated for thousands of years, fulfilling a variety of human needs ranging from transportation to resource provision. In recent times, the Bactrian camel has proved its worth in military contexts, particularly with the Indian Army operating in challenging high-altitude terrains. This article delves into the biological and ecological characteristics of the Bactrian camel, as well as the strategic reasons behind its adoption by the Indian Army in border regions.
The Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), also referred to as the Mongolian camel or domestic two-humped camel, belongs to the Camelidae family and is classified as a large even-toed ungulate. In contrast to its single-humped relative, the dromedary camel, the Bactrian camel displays distinct physical features and habitat preferences. Adult specimens typically reach lengths of 2.25 to 3.45 meters and can weigh anywhere from 650 to 1,500 pounds, with males generally being larger than females.
One of the camel’s most notable adaptations, its dual humps, is designed to store fat reserves rather than water, thus allowing the animal to access energy during periods of scarcity. This biological feature enables the Bactrian camel to survive protracted durations without food, as it can metabolize stored lipids to generate both metabolic water and energy. The thick, woolly coat of the camel provides insulation against extreme temperature variations, which can soar above 38°C or plummet below -40°C. Additional adaptations include closable nostrils to keep out sand, bushy eyebrows, and double layers of long eyelashes to protect its eyes, along with broad, padded feet that help it move easily across soft terrain without sinking. Uniquely among mammals, Bactrian camels possess oval-shaped red blood cells, enhancing circulation during dehydrates states.
Bactrian camels are herbivorous animals that primarily graze on grasses, leaves, and shrubs. Remarkably, they can also tolerate saline water sources that are often unpalatable to other livestock. Their gait involves moving both legs on one side simultaneously, which adds to their reputation as “ships of the desert.” While wild Bactrian camels (Camelus ferus) are critically endangered and inhabit remote areas in Mongolia and China, the domesticated variety enjoys a widespread distribution and serves multiple purposes, yielding wool, meat, milk, and serving as pack animals.
Historically, Bactrian camels are native to the steppes and deserts of Central Asia, including regions in Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and parts of China. Their domestication, which occurred around 4,000 years ago, enabled trade along the ancient Silk Road, where these resilient animals proved instrumental in transporting goods across vast and inhospitable distances. Today, millions of domesticated Bactrian camels can still be found in Asia, where they contribute significantly to pastoral economies thanks to their low maintenance needs and hardy nature.
In the modern military arena, the Indian Army has recognized the unique capabilities of the Bactrian camel, particularly in high-altitude regions such as Ladakh and Eastern Ladakh along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China. Given the logistical challenges posed by high-altitude warfare—where traditional vehicles often struggle—the Bactrian camel emerges as a viable solution.
These camels are capable of functioning effectively at altitudes reaching up to 14,000 feet, carrying loads of 150 to 200 kilograms. Their ability to navigate through sandy, snowy, or uneven terrains while minimizing environmental impact makes them excellent for “last-mile delivery” of essential supplies such as food, ammunition, medical kits, and surveillance equipment. Unlike mechanized transport, camels operate without fuel and their dung can be repurposed as an eco-friendly fuel source, aligning with sustainable military practices.
The initiative to incorporate Bactrian camels within the Indian Army began in the early 2020s and culminated in formal induction in 2025 by the Army’s Remount Veterinary Corps. These camels are specifically trained for mounted patrolling, thus enhancing border security in remote areas where human endurance is put to the test due to hypoxia and extreme cold. Drawing from their historical significance in Silk Road caravans, these camels are now repurposed to meet contemporary defense needs. They are set to feature prominently in India’s Republic Day parade in 2026, symbolizing their esteemed role within the army’s animal contingent.
In summary, the Bactrian camel stands as a testament to nature’s adaptability, with physiological traits that allow it to thrive in unforgiving climates. For the Indian Army, these unique characteristics translate into a strategic asset that enhances operational effectiveness in high-altitude environments. As geopolitical tensions remain high in regions like Ladakh, the continued use of Bactrian camels highlights the importance of integrating traditional resources with modern military strategies, promoting resilience and sustainability in defense operations.
