NDA CDS 1 2025 Modern History Class 3

For NDA and CDS aspirants, a sound understanding of Indian history, especially the freedom struggle, is vital. The Indian National Congress (INC) is central to this history, having played a key role in India’s fight for independence from British rule. Founded in 1885, the INC provided a platform for leaders from all over India to discuss and demand greater political and civil rights. Its journey, marked by key sessions and resolutions, reflects the evolution of India’s freedom movement, from petitioning for reforms to calling for complete independence. This article delves into the significance of the INC and some crucial sessions that helped shape the path to freedom.

Why Is the INC Important?

1. Foundation of Political Unity: Before the INC, India lacked a unified platform where leaders from diverse backgrounds could discuss common issues. The INC brought together Indians across regional, linguistic, and religious lines, providing a platform for a united struggle against colonialism.
2. Shift from Moderation to Extremism: Initially, the INC followed a moderate approach, focusing on petitioning the British government. Over time, however, it shifted towards a more aggressive stance, demanding self-rule. This transformation highlights the evolution of India’s nationalist movement, a key area of study for understanding the different phases of India’s freedom struggle.
3. Leadership Development: The INC nurtured leaders who later became pivotal figures in the independence movement. Personalities like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel rose to prominence within the INC, contributing their unique visions and strategies for India’s freedom.
4. Policy Formulation and Vision for Independent India: The INC wasn’t just a party for freedom; it was also a think-tank where leaders discussed India’s future policies post-independence. This early vision influenced India’s constitution, economy, and administrative framework.

Key Sessions of the Indian National Congress

Understanding important INC sessions can help NDA and CDS aspirants grasp the chronology and turning points of the independence movement. Here are some of the most crucial sessions:

1. Bombay Session (1885):

• The first session, held in Bombay, marked the foundation of the INC under the leadership of W.C. Bonnerjee.
• This session set the tone for discussions on political and economic reforms, but it was conducted under a moderate approach with the aim to petition British authorities for increased Indian participation in governance.

2. Surat Session (1907):

• This session marked a significant split between the Moderates, led by leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and the Extremists, led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai.
• The split demonstrated growing discontent with the moderate approach and an inclination toward more assertive demands, reflecting the rising nationalist sentiment in India.

3. Lucknow Session (1916):

• The INC and the All India Muslim League signed the historic Lucknow Pact, agreeing to work together for self-governance and demand constitutional reforms.
• This session is important as it demonstrated Hindu-Muslim unity, marking a rare instance of cross-community alliance during the freedom struggle.

4. Calcutta Session (1920):

• This session officially launched Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement, marking a shift to mass civil disobedience as a strategy against British rule.
• The resolution adopted at this session encouraged Indians to boycott British institutions, goods, and honors, propelling the freedom movement into the masses.

5. Lahore Session (1929):

• Under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the INC declared complete independence or Purna Swaraj as its ultimate goal, moving away from the demand for Dominion Status.
• January 26, 1930, was declared as Independence Day, which later influenced the selection of January 26 as the date for India’s Republic Day.

6. Bombay Session (1942):

• During World War II, the British had promised post-war dominion status but without offering any clear timetable. In response, the INC passed the historic Quit India resolution.
• This session gave rise to the Quit India Movement, one of the most decisive campaigns, calling for an immediate end to British rule. Leaders were arrested, and widespread protests erupted across the country.

7. Meerut Session (1946):

• With World War II over and independence within reach, this session saw the election of Nehru as INC president, setting the stage for negotiations with the British on the terms of independence.
• This session paved the way for the Indian Independence Act of 1947, culminating in India’s freedom.

Conclusion

For NDA and CDS aspirants, studying these sessions of the Indian National Congress provides a clearer understanding of the strategies, leadership, and sacrifices that were crucial in India’s independence movement. The INC’s transformation from a moderate organization to a vehicle for radical demand for complete independence reflects the growing resolve of Indian nationalists. Knowing these key sessions equips aspirants with an in-depth view of India’s struggle for freedom, strengthening both their historical knowledge and their grasp of India’s national values.